Vowels: |
a | | | low front unrounded vowel |
æ | æ | | low front unrounded vowel, higher than [a] |
ɑ | | | low central unrounded vowel |
ɒ | | | low back unrounded vowel |
e | | | mid-close front unrounded vowel |
ẹ | | | closer mid-front unrounded vowel |
e̹ | | | more open mid-close front unrounded vowel |
ø | | | more open mid-close front rounded vowel |
ɛ | | | mid open front unrounded vowel |
ɛ̹ | | | more open front unrounded vowel |
i | | | close high front unrounded vowel |
ι | ɪ | | open high front unrounded vowel |
ι̹ | | | more open high front unrounded vowel |
l | ɪ | | lower high central unrounded vowel |
o | | | higher mid back rounded vowel |
o̹ | | | more open upper mid back unrounded vowel |
ɔ | | | lower mid back rounded vowel |
ɤ | | | higher mid back unrounded vowel |
u | | | high back rounded vowel |
ɷ | ʊ | u | semi high back rounded vowel |
ʉ | | | high central rounded vowel |
y | | | high front rounded vowel |
y | | | semi high front rounded vowel |
ə | é | | mid central unrounded vowel |
ʌ | | | lower mid back unrounded vowel |
Consonants: |
p | | | voiceless bilabial stop |
b | | | voiced bilabial stop |
m | | | voiced bilabial nasal |
ʍ | | | voiceless bilabial fricative |
w | | | voiced labiovelar continuant |
f | | | voiceless labio-dental fricative |
v | | | voiced labio-dental fricative |
t | | | voiceless interdental stop |
d | | | voiced interdental stop |
n | | | interdental nasal |
θ | | | voiceless interdental fricative |
ð | d | | voiced interdental fricative |
l | | | interdental lateral |
t | | | voiceless alveolar stop |
d | | | voiced alveolar stop |
n | | | voiced alveolar nasal |
n̩ | | | voiced syllabic alveolar nasal |
ɲ | | | voiceless palatalised nasal |
n | | | voiced palatalised nasal |
s | | | voiceless alveolar fricative |
s̹ | ś | sˊ | palatalised voiceless alveolar fricative |
z | | | voided alveolar fricative |
z̹ | ź | zˊ | palatalised voiced alveolar fricative |
ts̹ | | | palatalised voiceless alveolar affricate |
dz̹ | | | palatalised voiced alveolar affricate |
r | | | voiced alveolar trill |
ɾ | | | voiced alveolar flap |
ɹ | | | voiced alveolar frictionless continuant |
l | | | voiced alveolar lateral |
l̜ | | | retroflex voiced alveolar lateral |
l̹ | | | palatalised voiced alveolar lateral |
ɫ | | | velarised voiced alveolar lateral |
ł | | | voiceless alveolar lateral fricative |
l̩ | | | voiced syllabic alveolar lateral |
ts | | | voiceless alveolar affricate |
š | ʃ | | voiceless alveo-palatal fricative |
ž | ʒ | | voiced alveo-palatal fricative |
tš | tʃ | tś | voiceless alveo-palatal affricate |
dž | ʤ | dź | voiced alveo-palatal affricate |
c | | | voiceless palatal fricative |
j | | | voiced palatal fricative |
ʎ | | | voiced palatal lateral |
k | | | voiceless velar stop |
g | | | voiced velar stop |
x | | | voiceless velar fricative |
ŋ | | | velar nasal |
ʀ | | | voiced uvular trill |
h | | | voiceless laryngeal fricative |
ɦ | | | voiced laryngeal fricative |
ʔ | | | glottal stop |
Diacritics |
ˈ | | | primary stress on following syllable |
ˌ | | | secondary stress on following syllable |
ː | | | for vowels: pronounced with longer duration |
(ː) | | | pronounced with variable longer duration |
⊥ | | | for vowels: pronounced raised |
⊤ | | | for vowels: pronounced lowered |
⊢ | | | for vowels: pronounced retracted |
⊣ | | | for vowels: pronounced fronted |
` | | | pronounced with low tone or pitch |
̥ | | | for vowels: pronounced without voicing |
. | | | for consonants: pronounced without voicing |
̤ | | | for vowels: pronounced as more centralised |
̹ | | | for vowels: pronounced as lower or more open |
̹ | | | for consonants: pronounced with palatisation |
̜ | | | for consonants: pronounced with retroflex colouring |
h | | | for consonants: pronounced with aspiration |
w | | | pronounced with rounded offglide |
ə | | | for vowels: pronounced with centering offglide |
̪ | | | pronounced with dentalisation |
’ | | | pronounced with glottal release |
´ | | | for vowels: pronounced with low tone or pitch |
´ | | | for consonants: pronounced with palatalisation |